從句法關(guān)系來(lái)看,介詞是一種虛詞,在句子結(jié)構(gòu)中表示詞與詞或詞與有關(guān)句子成分之間的關(guān)系。介詞不能單獨(dú)作句子成分,但它后面可以接名詞,、名詞性詞語(yǔ),、動(dòng)名詞等構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ),在句中常作狀語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)總結(jié)一些大學(xué)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中常見(jiàn)的介詞短語(yǔ)及成語(yǔ)介詞,。

    一,、近義介詞短語(yǔ)辨析

    1. 表示原因(通常在句中作狀語(yǔ))

    1) because of:表示實(shí)際原因(表達(dá)一種較強(qiáng)的因果關(guān)系)

    2) on account of:常用來(lái)引述邏輯,、理性和事實(shí)因素

    3) out of + 抽象名詞:常用來(lái)引述心理、情感因素,如out of one’s own will(出于自愿)

    4) owing / due to:著重把原因歸于某事物,既可作狀語(yǔ)又可作定語(yǔ),due to還可以作后置定語(yǔ),如:Mistakes due to carelessness may cause serious consequence. 由于粗心犯的錯(cuò)誤也許會(huì)引起嚴(yán)重的后果,。

    5) thanks to:后面通常接表示積極意義的原因,意為"多虧,幸虧由于",。例句:

    He walked slowly because of his bad leg. 他腿不好,所以走得很慢。

    Michael and Billy, on account of their wide experiences in climbing, were voted leaders. 邁克爾與貝利由于有豐富的登山經(jīng)驗(yàn),被選為隊(duì)長(zhǎng),。

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    She did it out of sympathy. 她這樣做是出于同情,。

    Most of the problems were owing/due to human errors. 大部分問(wèn)題都是由于人為的錯(cuò)誤造成的。

    Thanks to your energy and intelligence, the development scheme has been finally realized. 多虧了你的精力和智慧,這項(xiàng)發(fā)展計(jì)劃終于實(shí)現(xiàn)了,。

    2. 表示排除

    1) with the exception of意義與except, except for相同,但比它們正式

    2) apart from (=美式英語(yǔ)中的aside from)是個(gè)復(fù)合介詞,既可表示"除……之外",相當(dāng)于except (for), 又可以表示"除……之外,(還,也)"相當(dāng)于besides,。例句:

    They all passed the physics examination with the exception of Tom. 除湯姆外他們物理考試都及格了。

    We had a smooth journey apart from(= except for) a flat tyre. 我們一路上很順利,只是車(chē)胎漏了一次氣,。

    Apart from(= besides) a flat tyre, we had broken brakes. 我們不但車(chē)胎漏了氣,而且剎車(chē)也出了毛病,。

    3. 表示"有關(guān),關(guān)于"

    1) 表示"關(guān)于"的介詞:concerning(較為正式),respecting(關(guān)于,至于),regarding(關(guān)于,就……而論,在……方面)等

    He quarreled with his neighbor concerning the house. 他因房子問(wèn)題和鄰居發(fā)生了爭(zhēng)吵。

    I’m at a loss respecting his whereabouts. 我全然不知道他的蹤跡,。

    Regarding the punishment, what would you advise?

    就這種處罰來(lái)說(shuō),你有什么意見(jiàn),？

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    2)表示"關(guān)于"的介詞短語(yǔ):with respect to(關(guān)于,就……而言)；in respect of(就……而論,在……方面),；in / with regard to, in / with reference to, in connection with也都表示"(正式用語(yǔ))關(guān)于,有關(guān)",；as for和as to在用于句首表示"至于"時(shí)區(qū)別不大,可以互相通用,但as to表示"關(guān)于"時(shí)不能和as for互換,相當(dāng)于about和concerning。例句:

    The discussion with respect to some theoretical questions will last for a long time. 關(guān)于一些理論問(wèn)題的討論將持續(xù)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,。

    In respect of the transformation in education, we have still plenty to do. 就教學(xué)改革來(lái)說(shuō),我們還有好多事要做,。

    With/In regard to our business, I will write to you later. 關(guān)于我們的經(jīng)營(yíng)情況,我以后會(huì)寫(xiě)信告訴你的。

    I have nothing to say with reference to this question. 關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題我沒(méi)有什么話(huà)要講,。

    Tell me all you know in connection with that matter. 告訴我關(guān)于那件事你所知道的一切,。

    As for/to me, I was a little puzzled. 至于我,有點(diǎn)迷惑不解。

    Johnson was very uncertain as to whether his bicycle was stolen by the thief. 關(guān)于他的自行車(chē)是否被這個(gè)賊偷了,約翰遜不敢肯定,。

    4. 表示"在……之前"

    1) ahead of意為in advance of,可表示"(在空間或時(shí)間上比某人或某事物)更前,更早",；還可表示"領(lǐng)先,優(yōu)于"

    2) in front of 多指空間的前后關(guān)系,"在……正前方"

    3) prior to(正式用語(yǔ))指時(shí)間與重要性方面"在……之前"

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    4) previous to指時(shí)間與順序上在……前

    5) preparatory to意為in readiness for, as a preparation for, 為做準(zhǔn)備而在……之前

    6) on the eve of "在……前夕",如:on the eve of our examination / victory 在我們考試/勝利的前夕例句:

    They will fulfill the plan ahead of schedule / time. 他們將提前完成計(jì)劃。

    She couldn’t watch the television because he was standing in front of the screen. 她沒(méi)法看電視,因?yàn)樗驹谄聊坏恼胺健?/span>

    Weeds must be pulled up prior to pollination of flowers in the garden. 在花園里的花朵授粉之前雜草必須拔除,。

    I know nothing about the accident; it happened previous to my arrival here. 我對(duì)事故一無(wú)所知,我到這兒之前事故就發(fā)生了,。

    Security checks had been carried out preparatory to( = to prepare for) the President’s visit. 為迎接總統(tǒng)來(lái)訪(fǎng),當(dāng)局已預(yù)先進(jìn)行了安全檢查。

    The general addressed the army on the eve of the battle. 將軍在打仗前夕對(duì)軍隊(duì)講話(huà),。

    5. 表示"支持,贊成"

    1) in support of 維護(hù),支持,支援

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    Mr. Smith spoke in support of the motion. 史密斯先生發(fā)言支持這項(xiàng)提議,。

    2) in favor of 可指某人"支持,贊成",也可指事物"有利于……"

    Are you in favor of the proposal? 你贊成此建議嗎,？The exchange rate is in our favor.

    兌換率有利于我們,。

    6. 表示"鑒于,由于,；根據(jù),按照"

    1)in the light of 按照,考慮到

    He rewrote the book in the light of further research. 考慮到進(jìn)一步的研究,他重寫(xiě)了那部書(shū)。

    2)in terms of 就……而言,談到

    The job is great in terms of salary, but it has its disadvantages. 就薪水而言,這是份好工作,。但它也有不足之處,。

    3)on the grounds of; on ... grounds 以……為理由/根據(jù)

    Their request for a permission to open a mine was denied on environmental grounds. 基于對(duì)環(huán)境問(wèn)題的考慮,他們開(kāi)礦的請(qǐng)求沒(méi)有被許可。

    4)in accordance with 與……一致,書(shū)面語(yǔ)

    He didn’t act in accordance with the provisions of the contract. 他沒(méi)有依照合同的條款規(guī)定行事,。

    5)according to 根據(jù),；按照A diplomat must act according to circumstances. 外交官必須會(huì)隨機(jī)應(yīng)變。

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    牛刀小試

    選用文中介紹的適當(dāng)介詞短語(yǔ)翻譯句子,。

    1. 一輛貨車(chē)正好停在我的汽車(chē)前面,。

    2. 形勢(shì)有利于發(fā)展中國(guó)家。

    3. 他做這件事完全是出于自愿,。

    4. 他們正收拾東西準(zhǔn)備旅行,。

    5. 他列舉了許多事實(shí)來(lái)證明他的意見(jiàn)是正確的。

    6. 多虧了他的及時(shí)資助,我們才能得以繼續(xù)開(kāi)展這一項(xiàng)目,。

    7. 目前我們大大領(lǐng)先于我們所有的對(duì)手,。

    8. 你應(yīng)該提前很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間預(yù)定,最好提前六個(gè)星期。

    9. 價(jià)格會(huì)隨著訂購(gòu)數(shù)量的不同而有所變化,。

    10. 由于我們主席的不幸消息,我們不得不取消七月四日的慶?；顒?dòng)。

    答案及解析

    1. A van was parked right in front of my car.

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    分析:本句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是方位"在……前方,前面",所以選用in front of,。

    2. The situation is in favor of the developing countries.

    分析:本句的主語(yǔ)"形勢(shì)"situation是抽象名詞,"有利于"宜選用"in favor of",。

    3. He did it completely out of his own free will.

    分析:free will是抽象名詞短語(yǔ),用于out of之后,表示"完全出于自愿"。

    4. They are packing things preparatory to a journey.

    分析:"收拾東西"是為"旅行"做準(zhǔn)備,先于"旅行"發(fā)生,因此選用介詞短語(yǔ)"preparatory to",。

    5. He adduced many facts in support of his views.

    分析:本句主語(yǔ)是人"he",目的狀語(yǔ)"表明……正確"暗含"支持"的含義,因而選用介詞短語(yǔ)"in support of",。

    6. Thanks to his timely financial help, we could continue with this project.

    分析:thanks to表示"多虧由于,幸虧有",通常接表示積極意義的原因,因此用在此處比because of, on account of等更貼切。

    7. We are well ahead of all our rivals at present.

    分析:ahead of原義表示某人或某物在時(shí)間,、空間等方面"更早,更前",轉(zhuǎn)義可表示"領(lǐng)先,優(yōu)于"(in or into a more successful position than ...),因此正好適用本句,。

    8. You should book well in advance, preferably six weeks before.

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    分析:本句in advance的含義實(shí)際相當(dāng)于ahead of schedule(提前于約定時(shí)間)。

    9. Prices vary according to the quantity ordered.

    分析:"按照,根據(jù)"可用短語(yǔ)according to表達(dá),是常用固定用法,。

    10. In the light of the tragic news about our chairman, we have to cancel the celebrations on July 4th.

    分析:本句表達(dá)的"由于"可進(jìn)一步理解為"鑒于,考慮到",所以選用in the light of,其可以明確表達(dá)該意義,。