從句法關(guān)系來看,介詞是一種虛詞,在句子結(jié)構(gòu)中表示詞與詞或詞與有關(guān)句子成分之間的關(guān)系,。介詞不能單獨作句子成分,但它后面可以接名詞,、名詞性詞語,、動名詞等構(gòu)成介詞短語,在句中常作狀語?，F(xiàn)總結(jié)一些大學英語學習中常見的介詞短語及成語介詞。

    一,、近義介詞短語辨析

    1. 表示原因(通常在句中作狀語)

    1) because of:表示實際原因(表達一種較強的因果關(guān)系)

    2) on account of:常用來引述邏輯,、理性和事實因素

    3) out of + 抽象名詞:常用來引述心理、情感因素,如out of one’s own will(出于自愿)

    4) owing / due to:著重把原因歸于某事物,既可作狀語又可作定語,due to還可以作后置定語,如:Mistakes due to carelessness may cause serious consequence. 由于粗心犯的錯誤也許會引起嚴重的后果,。

    5) thanks to:后面通常接表示積極意義的原因,意為"多虧,幸虧由于",。例句:

    He walked slowly because of his bad leg. 他腿不好,所以走得很慢。

    Michael and Billy, on account of their wide experiences in climbing, were voted leaders. 邁克爾與貝利由于有豐富的登山經(jīng)驗,被選為隊長,。

---

    She did it out of sympathy. 她這樣做是出于同情,。

    Most of the problems were owing/due to human errors. 大部分問題都是由于人為的錯誤造成的。

    Thanks to your energy and intelligence, the development scheme has been finally realized. 多虧了你的精力和智慧,這項發(fā)展計劃終于實現(xiàn)了,。

    2. 表示排除

    1) with the exception of意義與except, except for相同,但比它們正式

    2) apart from (=美式英語中的aside from)是個復合介詞,既可表示"除……之外",相當于except (for), 又可以表示"除……之外,(還,也)"相當于besides,。例句:

    They all passed the physics examination with the exception of Tom. 除湯姆外他們物理考試都及格了。

    We had a smooth journey apart from(= except for) a flat tyre. 我們一路上很順利,只是車胎漏了一次氣,。

    Apart from(= besides) a flat tyre, we had broken brakes. 我們不但車胎漏了氣,而且剎車也出了毛病,。

    3. 表示"有關(guān),關(guān)于"

    1) 表示"關(guān)于"的介詞:concerning(較為正式),respecting(關(guān)于,至于),regarding(關(guān)于,就……而論,在……方面)等

    He quarreled with his neighbor concerning the house. 他因房子問題和鄰居發(fā)生了爭吵。

    I’m at a loss respecting his whereabouts. 我全然不知道他的蹤跡,。

    Regarding the punishment, what would you advise?

    就這種處罰來說,你有什么意見,？

---

    2)表示"關(guān)于"的介詞短語:with respect to(關(guān)于,就……而言)；in respect of(就……而論,在……方面),；in / with regard to, in / with reference to, in connection with也都表示"(正式用語)關(guān)于,有關(guān)"；as for和as to在用于句首表示"至于"時區(qū)別不大,可以互相通用,但as to表示"關(guān)于"時不能和as for互換,相當于about和concerning,。例句:

    The discussion with respect to some theoretical questions will last for a long time. 關(guān)于一些理論問題的討論將持續(xù)很長時間,。

    In respect of the transformation in education, we have still plenty to do. 就教學改革來說,我們還有好多事要做。

    With/In regard to our business, I will write to you later. 關(guān)于我們的經(jīng)營情況,我以后會寫信告訴你的,。

    I have nothing to say with reference to this question. 關(guān)于這個問題我沒有什么話要講,。

    Tell me all you know in connection with that matter. 告訴我關(guān)于那件事你所知道的一切。

    As for/to me, I was a little puzzled. 至于我,有點迷惑不解,。

    Johnson was very uncertain as to whether his bicycle was stolen by the thief. 關(guān)于他的自行車是否被這個賊偷了,約翰遜不敢肯定,。

    4. 表示"在……之前"

    1) ahead of意為in advance of,可表示"(在空間或時間上比某人或某事物)更前,更早"；還可表示"領(lǐng)先,優(yōu)于"

    2) in front of 多指空間的前后關(guān)系,"在……正前方"

    3) prior to(正式用語)指時間與重要性方面"在……之前"

---

    4) previous to指時間與順序上在……前

    5) preparatory to意為in readiness for, as a preparation for, 為做準備而在……之前

    6) on the eve of "在……前夕",如:on the eve of our examination / victory 在我們考試/勝利的前夕例句:

    They will fulfill the plan ahead of schedule / time. 他們將提前完成計劃,。

    She couldn’t watch the television because he was standing in front of the screen. 她沒法看電視,因為他正站在屏幕的正前方,。

    Weeds must be pulled up prior to pollination of flowers in the garden. 在花園里的花朵授粉之前雜草必須拔除。

    I know nothing about the accident; it happened previous to my arrival here. 我對事故一無所知,我到這兒之前事故就發(fā)生了,。

    Security checks had been carried out preparatory to( = to prepare for) the President’s visit. 為迎接總統(tǒng)來訪,當局已預先進行了安全檢查,。

    The general addressed the army on the eve of the battle. 將軍在打仗前夕對軍隊講話。

    5. 表示"支持,贊成"

    1) in support of 維護,支持,支援

---

    Mr. Smith spoke in support of the motion. 史密斯先生發(fā)言支持這項提議,。

    2) in favor of 可指某人"支持,贊成",也可指事物"有利于……"

    Are you in favor of the proposal? 你贊成此建議嗎,？The exchange rate is in our favor.

    兌換率有利于我們,。

    6. 表示"鑒于,由于；根據(jù),按照"

    1)in the light of 按照,考慮到

    He rewrote the book in the light of further research. 考慮到進一步的研究,他重寫了那部書,。

    2)in terms of 就……而言,談到

    The job is great in terms of salary, but it has its disadvantages. 就薪水而言,這是份好工作,。但它也有不足之處。

    3)on the grounds of; on ... grounds 以……為理由/根據(jù)

    Their request for a permission to open a mine was denied on environmental grounds. 基于對環(huán)境問題的考慮,他們開礦的請求沒有被許可,。

    4)in accordance with 與……一致,書面語

    He didn’t act in accordance with the provisions of the contract. 他沒有依照合同的條款規(guī)定行事,。

    5)according to 根據(jù)；按照A diplomat must act according to circumstances. 外交官必須會隨機應變,。

---

    牛刀小試

    選用文中介紹的適當介詞短語翻譯句子,。

    1. 一輛貨車正好停在我的汽車前面。

    2. 形勢有利于發(fā)展中國家,。

    3. 他做這件事完全是出于自愿,。

    4. 他們正收拾東西準備旅行。

    5. 他列舉了許多事實來證明他的意見是正確的,。

    6. 多虧了他的及時資助,我們才能得以繼續(xù)開展這一項目,。

    7. 目前我們大大領(lǐng)先于我們所有的對手。

    8. 你應該提前很長時間預定,最好提前六個星期,。

    9. 價格會隨著訂購數(shù)量的不同而有所變化,。

    10. 由于我們主席的不幸消息,我們不得不取消七月四日的慶祝活動,。

    答案及解析

    1. A van was parked right in front of my car.

---

    分析:本句強調(diào)的是方位"在……前方,前面",所以選用in front of,。

    2. The situation is in favor of the developing countries.

    分析:本句的主語"形勢"situation是抽象名詞,"有利于"宜選用"in favor of"。

    3. He did it completely out of his own free will.

    分析:free will是抽象名詞短語,用于out of之后,表示"完全出于自愿",。

    4. They are packing things preparatory to a journey.

    分析:"收拾東西"是為"旅行"做準備,先于"旅行"發(fā)生,因此選用介詞短語"preparatory to",。

    5. He adduced many facts in support of his views.

    分析:本句主語是人"he",目的狀語"表明……正確"暗含"支持"的含義,因而選用介詞短語"in support of"。

    6. Thanks to his timely financial help, we could continue with this project.

    分析:thanks to表示"多虧由于,幸虧有",通常接表示積極意義的原因,因此用在此處比because of, on account of等更貼切,。

    7. We are well ahead of all our rivals at present.

    分析:ahead of原義表示某人或某物在時間,、空間等方面"更早,更前",轉(zhuǎn)義可表示"領(lǐng)先,優(yōu)于"(in or into a more successful position than ...),因此正好適用本句。

    8. You should book well in advance, preferably six weeks before.

---

    分析:本句in advance的含義實際相當于ahead of schedule(提前于約定時間),。

    9. Prices vary according to the quantity ordered.

    分析:"按照,根據(jù)"可用短語according to表達,是常用固定用法,。

    10. In the light of the tragic news about our chairman, we have to cancel the celebrations on July 4th.

    分析:本句表達的"由于"可進一步理解為"鑒于,考慮到",所以選用in the light of,其可以明確表達該意義。